英语论文：从餐桌礼仪看中西方饮食文化差异

CONTENTS

CONTENTS 2
1  Introduction 2
2  Performance differences between Chinese and Western table manners 3
2.1 Differences in time to attend , the Chinese concept of time is a diverse people , Westerners concept of time is a single person . 3
2.2 Differences seating arrangements 3
2.3 Tableware differences. 4
2.4 Differences meal etiquette 4
3  Reasons for the difference between Chinese and Western table manners 7
3.1 Difference between Chinese and Western food ideas 7
3.2 Differences between Chinese and Western food objects 8
3.3 Different ways in Qinzhou food , cutlery and etiquette 8
3.3 Differences in the nature of the Western diet 9
Conclusion 10
References 11

1  Introduction

    Differences between Chinese and Western table manners , by the Western philosophical and ideological influence of social factors, so far from the two cultures . In China , no one party , no matter what the purpose , there will be a formality. Is everyone sitting around , sharing a seat ; banquet use round table , which formally created a united, courtesy of interesting momentum. Delicacies on the table of people in the center , it is an object table of people appreciate the taste , but also a table of people 's emotional communication medium . People toast each dish to persuade each other to allow food, then good things before , reflects the mutual respect between people struggle to let virtue. Reflects the Chinese Classical Philosophy "and" ideological influence in this area for future generations , to facilitate collective emotional communication , which has been difficult to reform
This mainly pasta and Western -oriented groups , details of table manners becomes more tedious and methodical . They are used in food Dining System , personal self sweep intraday dishes, soup bowl, regardless of others , each disturbance . Westerners also let voluntarily drink , brandy, whiskey , cocktails , like what drink , drink how much to drink , the individual will be respected , reflecting ideas and more reasonable diet .In summary, the Western etiquette ten million kinds , the following are some of my table manners analysis methods.

2  Performance differences between Chinese and Western table manners 
2.1 Differences in time to attend , the Chinese concept of time is a diverse people , Westerners concept of time is a single person .
Asked to do anything else, strict compliance with the schedule , which do what , so when attending dinner , this difference appears to be more prominent , in general , Chinese people are more inclined to time diversity mode ' late ' . Often after a half an hour to reach the stipulated time , the owner seems to have already mentally prepared , usually arrange some other programs during this ' waiting ' time, such as playing cards , drinking tea, chat , so that some of the ' first ' guests spend their time. For this ' late ' phenomenon both subject and object become accustomed to not see it as a kind of contempt for the host to offer or impolite. All at a predetermined time to start activities in Western countries , it is impolite to be late , formal banquet requests arrive , who after less than ten minutes , it will be considered substandard etiquette, is the owner and other guests are not respect .

2.2 Differences seating arrangements
    China 's banquet seating is usually facing south on the north face , the formation of the 'South statue North Peel ' traditional values ​​, 'South ' in the eyes of the Chinese people Suntech is a supreme symbol of the right , status and identity . Thus , we often see some of the diners at the banquet let let pushing , red in the face , the original order of the seat just for the sake of humility , in most Chinese banquet for high weight or elderly persons seated first and sat chief , which is because the Chinese people will seniority , respect for elders row seat as standard , in China , long the dominant Confucian culture and thought, Confucianism king, father , husband , long -respect, first, to the minister , son , his wife , was humble after the young , and thus there is formed a high or low , etc. , the couple are different, the idea of ​​seniority . Westerners will be ladies first , respect for women's banquet rows of seats standard , while the other acts as a standard banquet, when the seating arrangements , first listed in the list of guests for sex , then forms and detailed seating arrangements accordingly seat If there is a common men and women to the party , co-chaired by the man of the house shall fitted to both male and female guests of the list , usually in the form of seating arrangements : male master and mistress opposite sides about female guest of honor for the man of the house then arrange a clockwise outward .
2.3 Tableware differences.
Two different ethnic cultural influence on the choice of different dishes , Chinese people use Chopsticks and Westerners use knives and forks. Affected due to the long Chinese farming culture , like the peace and stability of life , due to the opposition of aggression . Western countries due to the impact of hunting culture, like the feisty , and willingness to take risks , Chinese people like to use round table during a meal , eat with chopsticks reflects ----- unity and gas ; while Westerners are generally good enough with square table knife and fork , then giving a sense of the brutal killing of furious .
    However , with the development of economic exchanges between China and the West , the cutlery has been no clear distinction , many Westerners like to learn to use chopsticks to eat Chinese food, Chinese people also often into the restaurant and use a knife and fork .
2.4 Differences meal etiquette
Chinese dining etiquette reflects a ' make ' the spirit of party , all people will wait for the owner at the beginning , and only when the owner please meal before indicating the banquet , but the owner generally must first give the guest of honor take their food , make their first use . When a new dish up , please master, guest of honor and show respect for older people first , Western dining etiquette to convey a ' beauty ' of the spiritual quest , the whole process should not only delicious meal , but also pleasing to the eye , pleasing to the ear . First of all, not only dressed , often wearing the dress also required and requested to correct posture , and secondly, can not be issued without pleasing sound when eating , talking to each other to whisper , not loud noise . Table in the West , there are so few details are Chinese food on the table can not be understand. Such as:

    1 . When using the forks , knives and forks should be drawn outside to the inside , take the left fork to the right hand and took the knife when cutting things , take the left fork holding the food , the right to food into small pieces with a knife , fork and then into the mouth . When a knife , fork and knife can not outward , should be put into a knife and fork down meal in the ' eight ' shaped , respectively, on the edge of the plate , knife and fork toward themselves, said that he would continue to eat , eat each dish , the knife and fork together on the plate, if you are talking to , you can hold in your hand without having to put down . When the knife is not available right hand fork , but the gesture should For all put down the knife and fork , knife and fork must not hand waving in the air . Nor in one hand and a knife and fork in one hand and a napkin , and do not take food in one hand and a tissue in one hand , any time, can not be the end of the knife and fork on the plate and the other end on the table.
    2 . Do not sip soup when the Western table , eating chewing to shut up . Do not lick their lips or smack sound. If the soup hot, and so can be the first cooler drink , do not blow soup. When the soup with a spoon to scoop the soup from the outside , when the soup dish soup fast finish , soup plate with his left hand to the outside slightly cocked, with a spoon to scoop net . When eating soup , the soup spoon left in the pan , spoon the point itself.
    3 . When fish , meat and other dishes with thorns or bones , do not directly outside the spit , available Napkins Wuzui gently spit on the fork into the tray . If the disc remaining small amount of food , do not insert the bottom plate with a fork , not to eat with your fingers to help , should help small piece of bread or a fork to eat . Use a fork to eat pasta noodles rolled up first and then into the mouth.
    4 . It normally takes the bread into small pieces and then put in the mouth by hand , not holding a piece of bread to bite , but also the first time the bread into small pieces add a touch of butter or jam .
    5. When chicken , chicken breasts and more Europeans and Americans as expensive. Forced to eat chicken bones should be removed first , not eaten with the fingers . Do not turn over the fish when the fish after eating upper to use a knife and fork to eat the fish bones tick off the lower fish. To cut a piece to eat a cut or not cut too large meat are cut into pieces.
    6. Chinese move on the table , the table on the West static . Chinese people to eat as a matter of life music, great pomp , the momentum of excitement often breathtaking. Chinese people riding in the table , they are forever , let each other vegetables , urging people to drink , enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine. Such a way as to reflect the owner's banquet enthusiasm and sincere, heartfelt lively reflects the cheerful diners on the table . This " downtown" Chinese family from the refraction somehow cozy , neighborhood and Mu , people unite . Westerners go to the table is a dedicated sat quietly cutting their own dishes on the menu . You can chat with guests about the meal , but do not just talk to a few acquaintances. If the guests do not know about , you can introduce myself first . Others can not take the mouth interjected his speech . Keep the volume level of the other party can hear , and chew food do not speak, even if someone with your speech , swallowing and then have to wait for the answer . Chinese people generally follow the " derogatory several statues of people " principle, while Westerners emphasize the values ​​of efficiency and pragmatism , in practice requires great attention to their face . Such as: When Chinese people a dinner party, put food on the table variety, at least 78 dishes, if it is a feast , the main course will be more and more expensive , the more exotic dishes will be more attentive to display the master and guest identity. The owner often say , "Today there is no good food to entertain everyone," "food done well, eat a little ," " excuse me " , " neglect your " kind of thing . The feast is generally four to five Western dishes to eat or slight residual component is not optimal . If at home , it is best eaten all the food , so the hostess will be very happy that you like her to do the dishes . Face feast , the owner would say, " We have to give everything to entertain ," the words. Westerners do not talk on the feast disgusting things , will do everything possible to employ subtle gentle word to replace generations.
    7 . Phone : Basically when eating Western food will not open the phone , unless you have a very important thing, and ringtones will be very quietly , you have to have a phone with you to say " sorry" and then got up and went to the phone . This one also applies when eating Chinese food , listen to the phone at meal time wherever people are cast aside . The Chinese people do not care about the details , and some people even put down the chopsticks phone began to talk , and some people still do not care about the length of time , even more than a half-hour chat .
8. Wine drinking . Western table last dish is often wine, red wine , such as Porto , Portugal . It is often down to the right hand side of the cup , and then passed the bottle then the person next to you . This is the female guests will get up to the living room, while leaving men drink alcohol, smoking and talking . When the ladies got up , men should stand up, to show respect , when the ladies leave the back seat . Soon men also should go to the living room and the ladies together. China , wine has become the first course , and even some people from the outset last drink , and the owner must be constantly pouring also expressed enthusiasm for the guests , and some even to a " Buzuibugui " " not drunk do not give up "purposes. Western table wine of your own people be, how much to drink down , the owner is also fully respect your choice.

3  Reasons for the difference between Chinese and Western table manners
3.1 Difference between Chinese and Western food ideas
Historically, China is one of the oldest countries in the world , with 5,000 years of a long and rich history , creating countless brilliant civilization , hidden in this culture , making Chinese food more profound. With the passage of time and geographical differences vast territory , gradually formed four Cuisine , Cuisine of four self-contained , have their own characteristics , but the common denominator is the complexity of the materials used sophisticated , complex production methods , taste a variety of dishes , amazing.
Western Europe and America , represented by its culture also has a long history . To the Middle Ages, European culture has been perfect, in the meantime , the old Western food culture has been formed. Its main features are: flour -based staple food , raw materials are also more abundant , the production method is simple compared to China , but also paid great attention to taste.
Due to the different Western philosophical thought Westerners diet heavy in science . Heavy science that emphasizes nutrition. Therefore, the Western diet with the highest standards of nutrition , eating like a biological machine to add fuel , special emphasis on the content of food nutrients, protein, fat , carbohydrates , vitamins and various inorganic elements are appropriate mix , the supply of heat is just right and these nutrients are able to fully absorb eaters , with or without other side effects. These questions are asked college cooking , and food color , smell, taste how , it is inferior requirements. That diet or in the West 's premier big country - France , although its food culture in many ways with our approximation, but an access to nutritional problems , the two sides will pull away .
Chinese flavors designed to reconcile the pursuit of delicious cooking technique , its processing and long hot frying Man Fire Attack , will make food nutrients are destroyed . Although the pursuit of delicious French cuisine also , but never forget , " nutrition" this premise, blindly seeking with delicious nutrition is they do not take . Especially modern cooking ideas emerged in the 1960s , with particular emphasis on health , diet , and thus less pursuit of light oil , emphasizes the use of fresh ingredients , emphasizing the cooking process nutrients and maintain the original flavor of the original , so basically vegetables is eaten raw. So heavy Western diet nutrition is a universal .

3.2 Differences between Chinese and Western food objects
Westerners think the food is to eat , so eats a large piece of meat, whole chickens and other "hard food" ; while Chinese cuisine is "eat taste" . So Chinese cooking in the selected materials also show great randomness : Many Westerners as something thrown away , are excellent raw materials in China , foreign chefs can not handle things , one to cook Chinese hands on can be miraculous . Demonstration of Chinese food in broad terms with the randomness of the material .
According to a survey of Western botanists , the Chinese people have more than 600 kinds of vegetables to eat , and more than six times the West . In fact, the Chinese people 's dishes , the vegetarian is usually food, meat dishes only when the holidays or a higher standard of living , before entering the usual diet, it has always been there , " fresh vegetables ," said the fresh vegetables in the diet of the usual dominates. Chinese people plant-based dishes, and Buddhists advocate inextricably linked . Buddhism as the animals they " creatures " , while the plant is " No Hope" So , advocates vegetarianism .
Western diet characterized by the introduction of their own country , I felt more attention than China with a reasonable nutrition , there are more developed food industry, such as canned food, fast food , etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time , and good nutrition . Therefore their country than the Chinese people generally robust body : tall, long legs , large shoulders , well-developed muscles ; while the Chinese seem petite , short legs, narrow shoulders , yellow quality is weak. Some of the significant differences according to the characteristics of the object in the Western diet , the Chinese plant called character , Westerners called animal character.

3.3 Different ways in Qinzhou food , cutlery and etiquette
Western diet is very different , these differences also have an impact on the national character . In China , no one feast , no matter what the purpose , there will be only one form , is everyone sitting around , sharing a seat ; feast use the roundtable , which formally created a united, courtesy of Fun atmosphere . Delicacies on the table of people in the center , it is both a table of people enjoy tasting the object is a table of people 's emotional communication medium . People toast each other , make each other vegetables , advised dishes in front of the good things , reflects the mutual respect between people , let 's fight virtues . Although from a health point of view, this diet has obvious shortcomings, but it is consistent with our nation "happy ," the general attitude reflects the Chinese Classical Philosophy "and" ideological influence in this area for future generations , to facilitate collective emotional communication , which has been difficult to reform .
In the cutlery , the difference would even more obvious. As we all know , the Chinese people, including some of the yellow race Asian countries , using chopsticks , spoons , eating bowl filled ; while Westerners do , it is the food on the plate , with knife and fork and cut that eating soup is a dedicated spoon. Chopsticks and forks as most representative of two things side dishes, chopsticks and forks affect something different side of life, representing two different kinds of intelligence. The famous physicist , Nobel Prize winner Dr. Li Zhengdao , in an interview with a Japanese reporter to interview , there are some very brilliant exposition : " The Chinese nation is an excellent nation, the Chinese people as early as the Spring and Autumn period on the use of chopsticks . such a simple two things , but it is sublime exquisite use of the lever principle in physics . chopsticks is an extension of the human finger , the finger can do it almost can do , and not afraid of high temperature and cold. really very clever ! "
In the ritual , the western two more different . In ancient China, in the dining process, on a set of red tape. " Book of Rites song in mind," contains: " not full of food of rice not choose the hand , not put rice, ...... was not solid , Wu Yang rice, ...... soldier food, passengers from the front kneeling , sprinkle rice Sarkozy to grant phase who resigned as the owner of the passengers, and then off to sit , " these words to the effect mainly: when we work together to eat, not eat their own interests . If you eat with others , you must check hands clean. Do not take extra rice back into the pot , not exclusively occupied the food , do not winnow a hot meal . After dinner , guests should pack up and move the dishes on the table , to the owner , the owner followed up , guests are not working , then the guests and then sit down. Some of these rituals are also necessary in modern manners . Feast in the West , the owner generally only one dish to the guests folder , and the rest consumed by the guests autonomy : if guests do not have hard and let people eat , nor according to the Chinese people's habit of frequently urging people to drink to guests , take their food . When eating , do not make noise , but guests should note with appreciation of the owner to prepare meals. If you talk to people , only , do not talk to your neighbor and talk with people from far away .
3.3 Differences in the nature of the Western diet
Different concepts of diet , Western diet tends to make scientific , rational, Chinese food tends art sensibility . Cooking from the diet , diet was originally designed to supply to maintain a nutritious life. The focus of Western dietary practices is just an extension of the original diet practicality ; while eating customs in China 's emphasis on flavor , put the food into a palace of art . As can be seen from both diet concept : Western diet increasingly standardized , the national diet arbitrary .
Western food culture differences are obvious , and have their own strengths. With economic globalization and the information flow becomes accelerated integration of Chinese and Western food culture will continue in the collision , complementary to each other in a fusion . Now the Chinese have begun to focus on the nutrition , health and cooking the science ; western Chinese have begun to color , smell, taste , meaning , the realm of development shaped. Western food culture will jointly develop exchanges .

Conclusion
  
    Western table manners in different cultures is an important part of the national cultural differences between Chinese and Western , traditional Western culture is a culture of livestock and marine culture, Chinese culture is the farming culture and land , two different cultures reflect differences in the way people live , where table manners and cultural differences is one aspect of a representative of each country , the people of each region are consciously or unconsciously reveal their profound cultural background in the diet. Such as: China , followed by the form bears eat a rich sense of psychological and cultural as well as people 's awareness and understanding of things , to obtain a more profound social significance , that translate into a psychosocial adjustment, there are many scholars this unique Chinese concept of "Food" called " pan- food ' cultural tendencies , creating differences between Chinese and Western food culture and the differences between Chinese and Western culture, table manners , this difference comes from the Western way of thinking and a different philosophy of life . Chinese people pay attention to "Heaven" Westerners focus on "people -oriented" concept of the difference between the value of the formation of such a lunch to eat ideographic to matter teaser features , focusing on the type and quantity of food , with little regard for nutritional meals . Although the U.S. pursuit diet overwhelm rational .
    With the acceleration of economic globalization and information exchange , Western table manners and cultural integration in the collision will continue to complement each other in a fusion . So now the Chinese have begun to focus on the nutrition , health and science of cooking , table manners also tend to civilization , science . Who does not exist between the two cultures, who advanced behind , the future of the world, will also continue to blend the two cultures , through .
Differences in social background , history and culture led to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners , table manners to some extent a reflection of a lifestyle , and habits are not formed in a short time available to it. It is actually a historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Therefore, the cultural differences between Chinese and Western table manners are also a part of the Western tradition of cultural differences .

References